When the US entered WW I in 1917, it was found that the Springfield Armory could not possibly meet the demand for 1903 Springfield rifles for the US forces. Several US firms, Winchester, Remington, and Eddystone, had been making the P14 Enfield rifle for the British. These companies simply set up to turn out these same rifles in .30-06 instead of .303 caliber. This rifle was designated the US Model of 1917.
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As far as combat action goes, these rifles only served US forces during WW I. The 1903 Springfield remained the first line rifle of the US.
Although I have read some contradictory information lately, Sgt York, the MOH winner for Tennessee, used a 1917 while earning his medal with his marksmanship and backwood guile.
Jethro